![]() Marginal note:Previous statements by witness not proved adverse (2) Where with respect to any question a witness objects to answer on the ground that his answer may tend to criminate him, or may tend to establish his liability to a civil proceeding at the instance of the Crown or of any person, and if but for this Act, or the Act of any provincial legislature, the witness would therefore have been excused from answering the question, then although the witness is by reason of this Act or the provincial Act compelled to answer, the answer so given shall not be used or admissible in evidence against him in any criminal trial or other criminal proceeding against him thereafter taking place, other than a prosecution for perjury in the giving of that evidence or for the giving of contradictory evidence.ĩ (1) A party producing a witness shall not be allowed to impeach his credit by general evidence of bad character, but if the witness, in the opinion of the court, proves adverse, the party may contradict him by other evidence, or, by leave of the court, may prove that the witness made at other times a statement inconsistent with his present testimony, but before the last mentioned proof can be given the circumstances of the supposed statement, sufficient to designate the particular occasion, shall be mentioned to the witness, and he shall be asked whether or not he did make the statement. Marginal note:Answer not admissible against witness (6) The failure of the person charged, or of the wife or husband of that person, to testify shall not be made the subject of comment by the judge or by counsel for the prosecution.ĥ (1) No witness shall be excused from answering any question on the ground that the answer to the question may tend to criminate him, or may tend to establish his liability to a civil proceeding at the instance of the Crown or of any person. (3) No husband is compellable to disclose any communication made to him by his wife during their marriage, and no wife is compellable to disclose any communication made to her by her husband during their marriage. ![]() ![]() Marginal note:Communications during marriage (2) No person is incompetent, or uncompellable, to testify for the prosecution by reason only that they are married to the accused. This means that “instead of being ‘grey literature’, they are now being recognized as core evidence” ( 21).4 (1) Every person charged with an offence, and, except as otherwise provided in this section, the wife or husband, as the case may be, of the person so charged, is a competent witness for the defence, whether the person so charged is charged solely or jointly with any other person. The HEN synthesis reports have been indexed in the United States’ National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf since 2016 ( 20) and made discoverable and searchable via PubMed. The HEN synthesis reports follow an established structure ( Annex 1), which starts with a short summary providing a concise and to-the-point overview of the issue, method, findings and policy options it is then followed by a full report, the sources used for the report and the methodology employed. HEN is uniquely positioned to support decision-makers in the WHO European Region as its reports present a package of evidence that is reflective of its 53 Member States ranging from western Europe to central Asia. ![]() HEN invites the readers to come up with their own nuanced and contextualized policy recommendations. As the essential function of the HEN synthesis reports is to present a body of evidence and the implications that arise from the evidence, they do not promote or dictate one policy action over another. HEN reports are written specifically with decision-makers in mind and contain a summary of findings from peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as policy options proposing general directions, strategies and actions for consideration. HEN responds to questions regarding priority public health policy posed by regional decision-makers by producing an evidence synthesis report. HEN has supported and strengthened the use of the best available evidence in health policy-making in the WHO European Region since 2003.
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